Biologically active polysaccharide from edible mushrooms: A review.

Mushrooms are renewable natural gift for humankind, furnished with unique taste, flavor and medicinal properties. For the last few decades study of mushroom polysaccharides has become a matter of great interest to the researchers for their immunomodulating, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and antitumor properties. Molecular mass, branching configuration, conformation of polysaccharides and chemical modification are the major factors influencing their biological activities. The mechanism of action of mushroom polysaccharides is to stimulate T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells, and macrophage dependent immune responses via binding to receptors like the toll-like receptor-2, dectin-1. The present review offers summarized and significant information about the structural and biological properties of mushroom polysaccharides, and their potential for development of therapeutic materials.

COVID-19 lockdown: animal life, ecosystem and atmospheric environment.

The outbreak of COVID-19 leads to emergence of the global pandemic, but there is no specific vaccine recommended for COVID-19. More than 216 countries are struggling against the transmission of the disease, recovery and motility. Till date more than 0.948 million deaths out of 30.369 million confirmed cases are reported by WHO. Most of the nations adopted partial or complete 'lockdown' and imposed 'social distancing' to control the rapid transmission of COVID-19 and its consequence. Though global economic growth declined due to nationwide lockdown, there are certain positive impacts on environment. This review article has discussed the effects of nationwide lockdown aiming to community transmission COVID-19 on animal life behaviour and atmospheric environment in different aspects. In the lockdown period, the levels of NO2 and carbon emission remarkably decrease in atmosphere due to restricted consumption of fossil fuel by industries, thermal power stations and air transportations. The concentration of NO2 dropped by 45-54% in the atmosphere of most populated cities in Europe. The intensities of particulate matters PM2.5 and PM10 decreased by 43% and 31% respectively, at lower atmosphere indicating improvement in air qualities in different parts of world caused by less traffic and construction activities. SPM reduced up to 15.9%, showing improvement in surface water quality. New deserted bank has developed due to less river activities in this period. Noise pollution remarkably dropped below 60 db even in crowded cities. Thus, the atmospheric environment has resumed some extent in all respect by means of such global-wide lockdown aiming to control COVID-19 pandemic. The behavioural changes of wild animals, birds, butterfly, pets and street animals that reflected on ecosystem of their relative region indicate the non-interference of human activities on lives of natural creatures during lockdown period. There is certain correlation between atmospheric change with the behavioural changes of natural creature during lockdown period. The objective of this study is to focus the critical analysis of the effect of human activities on atmospheric environment for sustainable ecosystem in long term. Significantly, there is ample scope of research on sustainable development of atmospheric environment and ecosystem of creature in absence of human being.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of metal coated ZnO nanowires.

A simple, facile and template free route has been described for the synthesis of ZnO nanowires. The morphology and structure of ZnO nanowires have been tuned by deposing silver and gold onto the surface of ZnO nanowire and this has been done by adding AgNO(3) and HAuCl(4) to aqueous suspension of ZnO. Our synthesized Ag and Au coated ZnO nanoparticles show different emissive property than the native ZnO nanowires. The photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue is also evaluated using ZnO and Ag and Au coated ZnO nanowires. It has been observed that Ag coated ZnO nano-needles exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic efficiency compare to ZnO nanowire and Au coated ZnO nano-leaves. Fluorescence spectra and surface structure of the samples with their photocatalytic activity indicates that surface deposited metal serves as an electron sinks to enhance the separation of photoinduced electrons from holes, leading to the formation of OH and it enhances their photocatalytic efficiency.

Solution-phase synthesis of silver nanodiscs in HPMC-matrix and simulation of UV-vis extinction spectra using DDA based method.

Present investigation demonstrates a very simple seed-mediated route, using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as stabilizing agent, for the synthesis of silver nanodiscs in aqueous solution. Central to the concept of seed-mediated growth of nanoparticles is that small nanoparticle seeds serve as nucleation centres to grow nanoparticles to a desired size and shape. It is found that the additional citrate ions in the growth solution play the pivotal role in controlling the size of silver nanodiscs. Similar to the polymers in the solution, citrate ions could be likewise dynamically adsorbed on the growing silver nanoparticles and promote the two-dimensional (2D) growth of nanoparticles. Morphological, structural, and spectral changes associated with the seed-mediated growth of the nanoparticles in the presence of HPMC are characterized using UV-vis and TEM spectroscopic studies. Metal nanoparticles have received increasing attention for their peculiar capability to control local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) when interacting with incident light waves. Extensive simulation study of the UV-vis extinction spectra of our synthesized silver nanodiscs has been carried out using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) methodology.

Aqueous-Phase Synthesis of Silver Nanodiscs and Nanorods in Methyl Cellulose Matrix: Photophysical Study and Simulation of UV-Vis Extinction Spectra Using DDA Method.

We present a very simple and effective way for the synthesis of tunable coloured silver sols having different morphologies. The procedure is based on the seed-mediated growth approach where methyl cellulose (MC) has been used as soft-template in the growth solution. Nanostructures of varying morphologies as well as colour of the silver sols are controlled by altering the concentration of citrate in the growth solution. Similar to the polymers in the solution, citrate ions also dynamically adsorbed on the growing silver nanoparticles and promote one (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) growth of nanoparticles. Silver nanostructures are characterized using UV-vis and HR-TEM spectroscopic study. Simulation of the UV-vis extinction spectra of our synthesized silver nanostructures has been carried out using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method.

DFT based computational study on the excited state intramolecular proton transfer processes in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde.

Potential energy (PE) curves for the intramolecular proton transfer in the ground (GSIPT) and excited (ESIPT) states of o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (OHBA) were studied using DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d) and TD-DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory, respectively. Our calculations suggest the non-viability of ground state intramolecular proton transfer in this compound. Excited states PE calculations support the ESIPT process in OHBA. The contour PE diagram and the variation of oscillator strength along the proton transfer co-ordinate support the dual emission in OHBA. Our calculations also support the experimental observations of Nagaoka et al. [S. Nagaoka, U. Nagashima, N. Ohta, M. Fujita, T. Takemura, J. Phys. Chem. 92 (1988) 166], i.e. normal emission of the title compound comes from S(2) state and the red-shifted proton transfer band appears from the S(1) state. ESIPT process has also been explained in terms of HOMO and LUMO electron density of the enol and keto tautomer of OHBA and from the potential energy surfaces.